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Gay A. Bradshaw
Gay A. Bradshaw, Ph.D., Ph.D., is an American psychologist and ecologist.〔Bradshaw, G.A. (2009). Elephants on the edge: What animals teach us about humanity. New Haven: Yale University Press. http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300167832〕 She is director of The Kerulos Center. Her work focuses on animal trauma recovery and wildlife self-determination.〔Marino, L. (2010). A trans-species perspective on nature. http://onthehuman.org/2010/11/trans-species-perspective/〕〔Bradshaw, G.A. et al. (2009). Developmental context effects on bicultural Post-Trauma self repair in Chimpanzees. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1376-1388.〕 Bradshaw’s studies were the first to identify Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in non-human animals beginning with free living elephants.〔Siebert, C. (2006). An elephant crack-up. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/magazine/08elephant.html?scp=1&sq=an%20elephant%20crackup&st=cse〕〔Launier, K.. ABC 20/20 They’re Like US-Say Elephant Researchers: From Kenya to Tennessee Elephants With PTSD are finding some peace. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=5435466&page=1〕〔Kerulos Center Website http://www.kerulos.org/〕 She is the author of a seminal series of articles on great ape psychology, trauma, civil rights, and consciousness.〔〔Bradshaw, G.A. et al. (2008). Building an inner sanctuary: trauma-induced symptoms in nonhuman great apes. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. 9(1); p. 9-34.〕〔Bradshaw. G.A. (2010). We, Matata: Bicultural living amongst apes, Spring, 83, 161-183.〕 This work was expanded to parrots, bears, and domestic animals and led to her founding the field of trans-species psychology, the articulation of a vertebrate common model of brain, mind, and behavior that is supported by existing science.〔
==Discovery of PTSD in Elephants and Chimpanzees==
In 2005, while investigating what was referred to as an outbreak of “abnormal behaviors”, Bradshaw established that in fact African elephants were experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).〔 Psychological symptoms included inter- and intra-species aggression, abnormal startle response, depression, mood disorders, and socio-emotional dysfunction, including infant neglect. All were related to a series of human-caused trauma: mass killings, translocations, social disruption, and habitat loss and degradation.〔Slotow, R. et al. (2000). Nature, 408, 425–426.
〕〔Slotow, R., Balfour, D. & Howison, O. (2001) Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluhe-Umfolozi, South Africa. Pachyderm, 31, 14-20.〕 Her findings were further supported by neuroscience research stating that the brain structures affected by trauma (cortical and subcortical areas of the right brain) are highly conserved across species.〔Schore, A. N. (2002). Dysregulation of the right brain: a fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 9-30.〕〔Schore, A.N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. Mahwah, N.J.: Erhbaum.〕 The epidemic proportions of elephant PTSD signifies a critical point and portends imminent collapse of elephant societies in Asia and Africa.〔〔Bradshaw, G.A. (2005). Elephant trauma and recovery: from human violence to trans-species psychology. dissertation: Pacifica Graduate Institute, Santa Barbara, California.〕
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